The
earliest evidence of the existence of this kingdom are from the 7th
century ; Chinese pastor , I Tsing , wrote that he visited Srivijaya in
671 and stayed for 6 months . The
oldest inscription of the Sriwijaya also be in the 7th century , the
inscription Kedukan Hill in Palembang , bertarikh 682 . Setback Srivijaya influence on regional subordinates began to
shrink due to several wars including attacks from True Dharmawangsa king
of Java in the year 990 , and in 1025 the attacks Rajendra Chola I of
Coromandel , then in 1183 under the control of the kingdom of Srivijaya
power Dharmasraya .After the fall of Srivijaya , the kingdom of Srivijaya forgotten and a new existence in 1918 officially recognized by the French historian George Coedès of the École française d' Extrême - Orient .
historiography
There is no further record of the Srivijaya in Indonesian history ; forgotten his past reshaped by foreign scholars . No one who heard about the modern Indonesian Srivijaya until the 1920s , when French scholar George Coedès published his findings in the Dutch and Indonesian -language newspapers . Coedès stated that the Chinese references to " San - fo - ts'i " , previously read " Sribhoja " , and some inscriptions in Old Malay refer to the same empire .
Srivijaya became a symbol of early Sumatran greatness , and of the archipelago apart Majapahit kingdom in East Java . In the 20th century , the two kingdoms into a reference by the nationalists to show that Indonesia is a unitary state sebelelum Dutch colonialism .Sriwijaya is called by various names . The Chinese call it Shih - li -fo - shih or San - fo - ts'i or San Fo Qi . In Sanskrit and Pali , Srivijaya kingdom called Yavadesh and Javadeh . The Arabs called it Zabaj Malay and Khmer call . The number of names is another reason why Srivijaya very hard to find . While the map Ptolemaeus found information concerning a 3 island Sabadeibei which is possibly related to Sriwijaya .
Around 1993 , Pierre - Yves Manguin observation and argues that the center of Srivijaya was on the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking ( located in the South Sumatra province now ) . But before Soekmono found Srivijaya center located in Batang Hari sehiliran region , between Muara Sabak up to Tembesi Estuary ( in Jambi province today ) , with no record of Malay in the region , if the Malays in the region , he tends to think Moens , who previously also been argued that the location of the center of the kingdom of Srivijaya was the temple area Barelang ( Riau province ) , assuming travel directions in the notes , I Tsing , and it can also be associated with news about the construction of a temple dedicated to the king of Srivijaya ( Se li He wu ni fu chu ma tian hwa or Sri Cudamaniwarmadewa ) in 1003 to the Chinese emperor called tien cheng shou wan ( temple youngest , one part of the temple which is located in Barelang ) . But certainly at the time of the conquest by Rajendra Chola I, based on Tanjore inscriptions , Srivijaya had its capital in Kadaram ( Kedah now ) .
Formation and growth
Not much physical evidence of Srivijaya that can be found . The kingdom is a trade center and a maritime country , but this is not the royal authority extending beyond the islands of Southeast Asia , with the exception of contributing to the population of Madagascar as far as 3,300 miles to the west . Some experts are still debating the region became the administrative center of Srivijaya , besides the possibility of moving ordinary royal seat of government , but remained the capital of the region was ruled directly by the authorities , while supporting the area was ruled by the local datu .
Srivijaya Empire has been around since 671 according to the records , I Tsing , from inscriptions Kedukan Hill in the 682 in mind empire under the leadership of Dapunta Hyang . In the 7th century , the Chinese note that there are two kingdoms , namely Kedah Malay and became part of Srivijaya empire . Based on the Kota Kapur inscription which dates to the year 686 found on the island of Bangka , this empire has mastered the southern part of Sumatra , the island of Bangka and Belitung , Lampung up . This inscription also mentions that Sri Jayanasa has launched a military expedition to punish Bhumi Java which are not devoted to the Srivijaya , the event coincided with the collapse Tarumanagara in West Java and Holing ( Kalinga ) in Central Java which is most likely due to the attack of Srivijaya . Srivijaya grew and managed to control the maritime trade route in the Strait of Malacca , the Sunda Strait , the South China Sea , Java Sea , and the Strait of Karimata .
This empire expansion into Java and the Malay Peninsula , Srivijaya control makes two major trading center in Southeast Asia . Based on observations , discovered the ruins of the temples of Srivijaya in Thailand and Cambodia . In the 7th century , Cham ports in the east of Indochina began diverting many traders from Sriwijaya . To prevent that , the Maharaja Dharmasetu launched several attacks on coastal towns in Indochina . Indrapura city on the banks of the Mekong River , in the early 8th century Sriwijaya was under control . Sriwijaya continue dominance over Cambodia , the Khmer kings until Jayawarman II , the founder of the Khmer empire , broke with Sriwijaya in the same century . At the end of the 8th century several kingdoms in Java , among others Tarumanegara and holing under the authority of Srivijaya . According to records , during the Sailendra dynasty also migrated to Central Java and powerful there . In this same century , Langkasuka on the Malay peninsula became part of the kingdom . In the next period , Pan Pan and Trambralinga , which lies to the north of Langkasuka , also under the influence of Srivijaya .
After Dharmasetu , Samaratungga be the successor kingdoms . He came to power in a period of 792 to 835 . Unlike the expansionist Dharmasetu , Samaratungga not perform military expansion , but rather to strengthen the control of Srivijaya in Java . During his tenure , he built the Borobudur temple in Central Java, which was completed in the year 825 .
Religion and Culture
As a teaching center of Vajrayana Buddhism , Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from many countries in Asia . Among other pastors from China , I Tsing , who visited Sumatra in the course of his studies at the University of Nalanda , India , in the year 671 and 695 , as well as in the 11th century , Atisha , a Buddhist scholar Bengali origin who was instrumental in developing the Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet . I Tsing reported that Srivijaya become home to Buddhist scholars to be the center of Buddhist learning . Visitors who come to this island states that gold coins have been used in the coastal kingdom . Besides Buddhism Hinayana Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhist Srivijaya were also developed in .
Sriwijaya kingdom heavily influenced the culture of India , the first by Hindu culture then followed by Buddhism . The kings of Srivijaya controlled the Malay archipelago through trade and conquest of the 7th century period until the 9th century , thus directly participate in developing the Malay language and its culture in the archipelago .
It is possible that as a bookie -busting Srivijaya trading center in Southeast Asia , of course, to attract Muslim traders and scholars from the Middle East . So some of the kingdom which was originally a part of Srivijaya , then grew into a forerunner of Islamic kingdoms in Sumatra later , while weakening the influence of Srivijaya .
There are sources that mention , because of the influence that many Arab Muslims been in Srivijaya , the king of Srivijaya named Sri Indrawarman converted to Islam in the year 718 . So it is very possible social life Sriwijaya is a social community in which there are Buddhist and Muslim communities as well . Recorded several times Srivijaya king sent a letter to the Islamic caliphate in Syria . In one manuscript letter addressed to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz ( 717 - 720M ) contains a request that the caliph refused to send preachers to Sriwijaya palace .
trade
In the world of commerce , Srivijaya became controlling trade route between India and China , which is the possession of the straits of Malacca and Sunda straits . The Arabs noted that Srivijaya had various commodities such as camphor , aloes , cloves , nutmeg , cardamom , ivory , gold , and tin which makes the king of Srivijaya as rich as kings in India . This abundant wealth has enabled Srivijaya buy loyalty of the vassal - vassalnya throughout Southeast Asia .
In the first half of the 10th century , between the fall of the Tang and Song dynasties rise , with foreign trade is rampant , especially Fujian , Min and foreign royal rich Guangdong kingdom of Nan Han . Undoubtedly Srivijaya benefit from this trade .
Relations with regional powers
To strengthen its position over control of the region in Southeast Asia , Srivijaya empire established diplomatic relations with China , and regularly deliver messenger and tribute .In the early days of the colony is the Khmer empire of Srivijaya . Many historians claim that Chaiya , Surat Thani province , southern Thailand , as the capital of the empire , the influence of Srivijaya appears on Borom That pagoda building Srivijaya style . After the fall of Srivijaya , Chaiya was divided into the three cities ( Mueang ) Chaiya , Thatong ( Kanchanadit ) , and Khirirat Nikhom .
Sriwijaya also closely correlated with the Pala kingdom in Bengal , the Nalanda inscription numbered 860 Balaputradewa noted that the king dedicated a monastery at Nalanda University . Relations with the Chola dynasty in south India is also quite good , from Leiden inscription mentioned Srivijaya kings had built a monastery called the monastery Culamanivarmma , but became worse after Rajendra Chola I ascended the throne who carried out the attack in the 11th century . This relationship then rebounded during Kulothunga Chola I, where the king sends messengers Kadaram Srivijaya in the announcement requesting exemption of excise duty on the Culamanivarmma Neighborhood monastery . However, in this era of Srivijaya considered to have been a portion of the Chola dynasty , from the Chinese chronicles mention that Kulothunga Chola I ( Ti - hua - ka - lo ) as the king of San - fo - ts'i help repair the temple near Canton in 1079 , the Song dynasty temple is called by the name of Kuan and Tien Ching during the Yuan dynasty called the Yuan Miau name Kwan .
The golden age
Characterized by a maritime empire of Srivijaya empire , hegemony relying on the strength of his fleet in control of shipping lanes , trade routes , master and build some strategic areas as a fleet base in overseeing , protecting merchant ships , as well as the excise levy to maintain the territorial sovereignty and power.
From historical records and archaeological evidence , in the 9th century Srivijaya was re-colonized in almost all kingdoms of Southeast Asia , among others : Sumatra , Java , Malay Peninsula , Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam , and the Philippines . Domination over the Strait of Malacca and the Sunda Strait , making Srivijaya as controlling the spice trade and local trade that the cost of any passing ship . Sriwijaya accumulate wealth as a port and trading warehouses that serve the Chinese market , and India .
Sriwijaya also called Medang role in destroying the kingdom in Java , the inscription Pucangan mentioned an event that is the destruction Mahapralaya Medang palace in East Java , where Haji Wurawari Lwaram the possibility of a subordinate king of Srivijaya , the year 1006 or 1016 and the attack resulted in the killing king Last medang Dharmawangsa True .
reduction
In 1017 and 1025, Rajendra Chola I, the king of the Chola dynasty in the Coromandel , south India , sent a sea expedition to attack Sriwijya , based Tanjore inscriptions bertarikh 1030, the Chola empire had conquered the colonies Srivijaya , once captured the powerful Srivijaya king time that. Over the next few decades the whole empire of Srivijaya was under the influence of the Chola dynasty . Rajendra Chola I nevertheless continue to provide opportunities to the kings of the conquered to remain in power for still subject to him . This can be attributed to the presence of news messengers San - fo - ts'i to China in 1028 .
Between the years 1079 - 1088 , the Chinese chronicles record that San - fo - ts'i still send messengers from Jambi and Palembang . In Chinese news , entitled Sung Hui Yao stated that the kingdom of San - fo - tsi in 1082 sent a delegation to China under the reign period of Emperor Yuan Fong . The ambassador delivered a letter from the king of Kien - pi subordinates San - fo - tsi , which is a letter from the princess entrusted with the affairs of the state of San- fo - tsi , and also handed over 227 Tahil jewelry , thatch , and 13 pieces of clothing . Then also mengirimankan next envoy in 1088 . However, due to the invasion of Rajendra Chola I, the Srivijaya hegemony over subordinate kings weakened , some conquered areas to escape , to emerge as a new force Dharmasraya then take back the colonies ranging from regional Srivijaya Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , Java to the west .
Based on Chinese sources in the book Chu - fan - chi , written in 1178 , Chou - Ju - Kua describe that in Southeast Asia archipelago there are two very powerful royal and rich , the San - fo - ts'i and Cho - po ( Java ) . In Java, he found that people embraced Buddhism and Hinduism , while the people of San - fo - ts'i Buddhist , and has 15 subordinate areas which include; Si - lan ( Cambodia ) , Tan - ma - ling ( Tambralingga , Ligor , south Thailand ) , Kia - lo - hi ( Grahi , Chaiya now , southern Thailand ) , Ling -ya - si - kia ( Langkasuka ) , Kilantan ( Kelantan ) , Pong - fong ( Pahang ) , Tong - ya - nong ( Terengganu ) , Fo - lo -an ( area Dungun Terengganu river estuary now ) , Ji - lo - t'ing ( Cherating , east coast of the Malay Peninsula ) , Ts'ien - mai ( Semawe , the east coast of the Malay Peninsula ) , Pa - t'a ( Paka river , the east coast of the Malay Peninsula ) , Lan - wu - li ( Lamuri in Aceh ) , Pa - lin - fong ( Palembang ) , Kien - pi ( Jambi ) , and Sin - T'o ( Sunda ) .
However, the term San - fo - tsi especially in 1178 is no longer synonymous with Sriwijaya , but has been synonymous with Dharmasraya , from the list of 15 countries subordinates San - fo - tsi is a list Dharmasraya royal colony , although the source of Chinese still call San - fo - tsi as a kingdom located in the South China sea region . This is because the Malay Pararaton already mentioned , mentioned Kertanagara Singhasari king sent an expedition Pamalayu or Pamalayu , and then presented to the king statue Amoghapasa Malay , Srimat Tribhuwanaraja Mauli Warmadewa in Dharmasraya as it is written in Padang Roco inscription . This event is then associated with a manuscript that contained the inscription Grahi . So also in Nagarakretagama , which describes Majapahit colonies also did not mention the name Srivijaya to the previous region is an area of Sriwijaya .
The structure of government
The formation of a unitary state in the dimensional structure of political authority of Srivijaya , traceable from some inscriptions which contain important information about kadātuan , vanua , samaryyāda , mandala and Bhumi .
Kadātuan can significantly Datu district , ( tnah home ) residence chant Hajj , where gold is stored and the result of excise ( drawy ) as an area that must be maintained . Kadātuan is surrounded by vanua , which can be regarded as an area of the city of Srivijaya which there are temples for a place of worship for the community . Vanua Kadātuan and this is a core area for Sriwijaya itself. According Casparis , samaryyāda an area bordering the vanua , which are connected in a special way ( samaryyāda - patha ) intends to inland areas . While the mandala is an autonomous region of Bhumi under the influence of Srivijaya kadātuan power .
Srivijaya ruler called Dapunta Hyang or Maharaja , and the circles are sequentially yuvarāja king ( crown prince ) , pratiyuvarāja ( second crown prince ) and rājakumāra ( next heir ) . Telaga Batu inscription mentions many various positions within the government structure during the Srivijaya empire .
historical heritage
Although Srivijaya left little archaeological remains of forgotten memories and community supporters , the rediscovery of the maritime empire by Coedès the 1920s has raised the awareness that some form of political union highway , a fellowship empire consisting of maritime kingdoms , never rose , growing , and succeeding in the past .In addition to Majapahit , Indonesian nationalists also glorifies Sriwijaya as a source of pride and past glory Indonesian evidence . Glories of Sriwijaya has become a source of national pride and regional identity , especially for the residents of the city of Palembang , South Sumatra province . For residents of Palembang , Sriwijaya sublime has become the inspiration of art and culture , such as traditional songs and dances Gending Sriwijaya . The same is true for the people of Southern Thailand reinventing dance Sevichai ( Sriwijaya ) is based on the elegance of art and culture Srivijaya .
In Indonesia , Srivijaya has been used and the name immortalized as the name of the street in various cities , and this name has been attached to the city of Palembang and South Sumatra . Sriwijaya University established in 1960 is named after the Palembang Srivijaya kedatuan . Similarly II Sriwijaya Military Command ( military commando unit ) , PT Sriwijaya Fertilizer ( Fertilizer Company in South Sumatra ) , Sriwijaya Post ( a daily newspaper in Palembang ) , Sriwijaya TV , Sriwijaya Air ( airline ) , Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium , and Sriwijaya Football Club ( Palembang football clubs ) , all named in his honor , glorify and celebrate the glory of Srivijaya empire .
source : http://teknikbermain.blogspot.com/2012/05/sejarah-lengkap-kerajaan-sriwijaya.html
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